314 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
314 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
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ED(1) User Commands ED(1)
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NAME
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ed - text editor
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SYNOPSIS
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ed [file]
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DESCRIPTION
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ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display,
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modify and otherwise manipulate text files. This version of ed
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implements most of the commands in the standard ed utility. It does
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not allow wildcard or escape characters in the search or replacement
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strings, and it cannot execute shell commands. It also does not
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implement the undo command, and it only allows one command per line.
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There are two non-standard commands supported that provide assistance
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in using ed. The 'h' command will print help information that
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summarizes the commands available in ed. A 'V' command was added to
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provide an enhanced visualization mode, which prints the text around the
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current line after executing a command.
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If invoked with a file argument, a copy of file is read into the
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editor's buffer. Changes are made to this copy and not directly to file
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itself. Upon quitting ed, any changes not explicitly saved with a 'w'
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command are lost.
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Editing is done in two distinct modes: command and input. When first
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invoked, ed is in command mode. In this mode commands are read from the
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standard input and executed to manipulate the contents of the editor
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buffer. A typical command might look like:
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,s/old/new/g
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which replaces all occurrences of the string old with new.
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When an input command, such as 'a' (append), 'i' (insert) or 'c'
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(change), is given, ed enters input mode. This is the primary means of
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adding text to a file. In this mode, no commands are available;
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instead, the standard input is written directly to the editor buffer.
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Lines consist of text up to and including a newline character. Input
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mode is terminated by entering a single period (.) on a line.
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All ed commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g., the 'd'
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command deletes lines; the 'm' command moves lines, and so on. It is
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possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, as
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in the example above. However even here, the 's' command is applied to
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whole lines at a time.
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In general, ed commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed
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by a single character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e.,
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commands have the structure:
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[address [,address]]command[parameters]
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The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by
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the command. If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts,
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then default addresses are supplied.
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OPTIONS
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file Specifies the name of a file to read. The default filename is
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set to the specified file.
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LINE ADDRESSING
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An address represents the number of a line in the buffer. ed maintains
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a current address which is typically supplied to commands as the default
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address when none is specified. When a file is first read, the
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current address is set to the last line of the file. In general, the
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current address is set to the last line affected by a command.
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A line address is constructed from one of the bases in the list below,
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optionally followed by a numeric offset. The offset may include any
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combination of digits, operators (i.e. + and -). Addresses are read
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from left to right, and their values are computed relative to the
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current address.
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One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the
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address 0 (zero). This means "before the first line," and is legal
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wherever it makes sense.
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An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or
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semicolon. The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the
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value of the second. If only one address is given in a range, then the
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second address is set to the given address. If only one address is
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expected, then the last address is used.
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Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the
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current address. In a semicolon-delimited range, the first address is
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used to set the current address, and the second address is
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interpreted relative to the first.
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The following address symbols are recognized.
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. The current line (address) in the buffer.
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$ The last line in the buffer.
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n The nth, line in the buffer where n is a number in the range
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[0,$].
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- The previous line. This is equivalent to -1.
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-n The nth previous line, where n is a non-negative number.
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+ The next line. This is equivalent to +1.
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+n The nth next line, where n is a non-negative number.
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, The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent
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to the address range 1,$.
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; The current through last lines in the buffer. This is
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equivalent to the address range .,$.
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/re/ The next line containing the regular expression re. The search
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wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the
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current line, if necessary. // repeats the last search.
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?re? The previous line containing the regular expression re. The
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search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the
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current line, if necessary. ?? repeats the last search.
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REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
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Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. For example,
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the ed command
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g/string/
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prints all lines containing string. Regular expressions are also used
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by the 's' command for selecting old text to be replaced with new. This
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version of ed does not use any wildcard or escape characters.
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COMMANDS
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All ed commands are single characters, though some require additional
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parameters. ed commands must fit in a single line, and cannot be
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continued to another line.
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In general, only one command is allowed per line. The only exceptions
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are the 'g' and 'v' commands, which can be followed by an 's', 'p', 'l'
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or 'n' command.
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ed recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together
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with the default address or address range supplied if none is specified
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(in parenthesis).
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(.)a Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line, which may
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be the address 0 (zero). Text is entered in input mode. The
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current address is set to last line entered.
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(.,.)c Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted
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from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. Text is
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entered in input mode. The current address is set to last line
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entered.
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(.,.)d Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. If there is a line
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after the deleted range, then the current address is set to this
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line. Otherwise the current address is set to the line before
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the deleted range.
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e file Edits file, and sets the default filename. If file is not
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specified, then the default filename is used. Any lines in the
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buffer are deleted before the new file is read. The current
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address is set to the last line read.
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E file Edits file unconditionally. This is similar to the e command,
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except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
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The current address is set to the last line read.
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f file Sets the default filename to file. If file is not specified,
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then the default filename is printed.
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(1,$)g/re/command
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Applies command to each of the addressed lines matching a
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regular expression re. The current address is set to the line
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currently matched before command is executed. At the end of the
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'g' command, the current address is set to the last line
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affected by command. The allowable commands are 's', 'p', 'l'
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and 'n'. The 'p' command is used if command is not specified.
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h Print help information, which summarizes the commands available.
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Note that this is different than the standard usage for 'h',
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which prints an explanation of the last error.
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(.)i Inserts text in the buffer before the current line. Text is
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entered in input mode. The current address is set to the last
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line entered.
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(.,.+1)j
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Joins the addressed lines. The addressed lines are deleted from
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the buffer and replaced by a single line containing their joined
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text. The current address is set to the resultant line.
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(.,.)l Prints the addressed lines unambiguously. The current address
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is set to the last line printed.
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(.,.)m(.)
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Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to
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after the right-hand destination address, which may be the
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address 0 (zero). The current address is set to the new address
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of the last line moved.
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(.,.)n Prints the addressed lines along with their line numbers. The
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current address is set to the last line printed.
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(.,.)p Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the
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last line printed.
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P Toggles the command prompt on and off. The command prompt is by
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default turned off.
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q Quits ed.
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Q Quits ed unconditionally. This is similar to the q command,
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except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
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($)r file
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Reads file to after the addressed line. If file is not
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specified, then the default filename is used. If there was no
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default filename prior to the command, then the default filename
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is set to file. Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged.
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The current address is set to the last line read.
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(.,.)s/re/replacement/
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(.,.)s/re/replacement/g
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Replaces text in the addressed lines matching a regular
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expression re with replacement. By default, only the first
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match in each line is replaced. If the 'g' (global) suffix is
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given, then every match to be replaced. It is an error if no
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substitutions are performed on any of the addressed lines. The
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current address is set to the last line affected.
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(.,.)t(.)
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Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-
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hand destination address, which may be the address 0 (zero).
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The current address is set to the last line copied.
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(1,$)v/re/command-list
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Applies command-list to each of the addressed lines not matching
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a regular expression re. This is similar to the 'g' command.
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Vn If n is specified, the visualization mode is enabled and the
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number of lines printed is set to n. Otherwise, the
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visualization mode it toggled on or off. The visualization mode
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is a non-standard feature that prints the text in the edit
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buffer before and after the current line.
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(1,$)w file
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Writes the addressed lines to file. Any previous contents of
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file is lost without warning. If there is no default filename,
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then the default filename is set to file, otherwise it is
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unchanged. If no filename is specified, then the default
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filename is used. The current address is unchanged.
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(.)x Copies (puts) the contents of the cut buffer to after the
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addressed line. The current address is set to the last line
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copied.
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(.,.)y Copies (yanks) the addressed lines to the cut buffer. The cut
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buffer is overwritten by subsequent 'y', 'j', 'd', or 'c'
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commands. The current address is unchanged.
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(.+1)zn Scrolls n lines at a time starting at addressed line. If n is
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not specified, then the current window size is used. The
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current address is set to the last line printed.
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($)= Prints the line number of the addressed line.
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(.+1)newline
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Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to that
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line.
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SEE ALSO
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B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, Software Tools in Pascal , Addison-
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Wesley, 1981.
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LIMITATIONS
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ed is limited to 200 characters per line. If an input line is greater
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than 200 characters it will be broken up into multiple lines. The input
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file must terminate lines with a newline (LF) character. Files will be
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written using the UNIX LF line termination. The size of the file is
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limited by the amount of buffer memory available to ed. If ed
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encounters an error in a command line it will print '?' and return to
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command mode. Attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing
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a modified buffer results in an error. If the command is entered a
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second time, it succeeds, but any changes to the buffer are lost.
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AUTHOR
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Dave Hein
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COPYRIGHT
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Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, Dave Hein
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MIT License (See license.txt in the root directory)
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This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
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There is no warranty, to the extent permitted by law.
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SPINIX utility March 2012 ED(1)
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