352 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
352 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
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SPASM(1) User Commands SPASM(1)
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NAME
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spasm - spin assembler
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SYNOPSIS
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spasm [-l] [-d] FILE
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DESCRIPTION
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Spasm assembles the source file given by FILE. The file name may
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include the extension, or .spa will be assumed if no extension is
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specified. The assembled binary program will written to a file with
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the same root name plus a .bin extension. If -l is specified, it will
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print an assembly listing. If -d is specified, spasm will print debug
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information.
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Spasm is an assembly language that defines mnemonics for Spin
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bytecodes. Spin bytecodes are executed by the Spin interpreter, which
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is loaded at boot time from the internal ROM. The Spin interpreter is
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a stack-based virtual machine that uses the stack to store parameters
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that are used by operators, such as add, sub, etc. The operators store
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their results back onto the stack. There are other operators that
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transfer data back and forth between the stack and hub RAM.
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The Spin bytecodes are listed below. They are separated into four
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major groups -- lower, memory, math and extened operators. The lower
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group contains a mix of operators, including those that handle program
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flow, lookup, lookdown, case, and several other miscellaneous functions.
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The math operators implement the various math and logic functions that
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use two arguments.
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The memory operators implement load, store, execute and address
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functions. A load operation reads data from the hub RAM and pushes it
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onto the stack. A store operation pops a value off the stack and
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stores it in RAM. The address operator is used to push the absolute
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address of a hub RAM location onto the stack.
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The execute operation is used to execute an operation directly on a RAM
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location. The result can be optionally pushed to the stack. The
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operations that can be executed directly on a hub RAM location include
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the standard 32 math operations plus a small number of extended
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operations. The extended operators include pre and post increment and
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decrement, sign extension and the random function.
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The format of the memory mnemonics is as follows:
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<operation><size><type><mode>
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operation = {ld, st, ex, la},
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size = {b, w, l},
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type = {i, l, o, a, v, s}
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mode = {c, x, 0, 1, m1, p}
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The operations are load, store, execute and load address as stated
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earlier. The size refers to byte, word and long. The types are
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immediate, local, object, absolute, variable and stack. The modes
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are compact, indexed, zero, one, minus one and packed.
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As an example, the instruction ldwi means load-word-immediate. It
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will load an immediate value onto the stack. The instruction stba
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will store a byte at the absolute address residing in the stack.
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There are compact instructions that use a single byte to address
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the first 8 long values residing in the method's stack frame or in
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an object's variable space. These use the size, type and mode
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characters "llc". As an example, the method result value can be
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set with the "stllc 0" instruction. The fourth long in the objet's
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variable section could be loaded with "ldllc 12".
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When an execute memory operation is specified it is followed by one of
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the math operators or an extended operator. An execute instruction may
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also specify the "load" extended operator to save the result on the
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stack. Examples of using execute instructions are as follows:
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exlo $8 add ' Add value on stack to the object long at offset $8
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exwv $20 preinc ' Increment the VAR word at offset $20
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exll $10 postdec load ' Decrement stack location $10 and load
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Spasm also includes psuedo-ops, which are shortened versions of the
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memory mnenomics. The psuedo-ops are made up only of the operation
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and size fields, plus the "x" charater if it is indexed. The
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psuedo-ops are mapped to explicit opcodes depending on the context
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of the operand. As an example "ldl 1" maps into "ldli1", and
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"ldl result" maps into "ldllc 0".
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The Spasm opcodes are listed below. The offsets used for the jump
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instructions are signed offsets that are relative to the address of the
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next instruction. A "jmp 0" instruction will just execute the next
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instruction.
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Signed offsets are encoded in either one or two bytes depending
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on the value of the most significant bit in the first byte. If the
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MSB is zero the remaining seven bits are treated as a signed 7-bit
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number in the range from -64 to 63. If the MSB is non-zero, the
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remaining seven bits are used as the most significant bits of a 15-bit
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signed number, and the next byte provides the eight least sigficant
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bits. The 15-bit signed offset has a range from -16384 to 16383.
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The memory opcodes use an unsigned offset that can also be encoded in
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one or two bytes. The MSB is used to determine whether it is one or
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two bytes just like for signed offset. However, since it is unsigned,
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the range for the one-byte offset is 0 to 128, and for two bytes it is
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0 to 32768.
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Lower Opcodes
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-------------
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00 ldfrmr - Load call frame with return value required
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01 ldfrm - Load call frame
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02 ldfrmar - Load call frame with abort trap & return value
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03 ldfrma - Load call frame with abort trap
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04 jmp offset - Jump to signed object offset
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05 call meth - Call method
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06 callobj meth, obj - Call method in object
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07 callobjx meth, obj - Call method in object with index
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08 tjz offset - Test and jump if zero
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09 djnz offset - Decrement and jump if not zero
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0a jz offset - Jump if zero
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0b jnz offset - Jump if not zero
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0c casedone - Case done without a match
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0d casevalue - Execute if value matches case value
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0e caserange - Execute if case value within range
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0f lookdone - Look up/down done without a match
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10 lookupval -
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11 lookdnval
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12 lookuprng
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13 lookdnrng
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14 pop - Discard N bytes from the stack
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15 run - Prepare new spin cog stack for execution
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16 strsize - Determine the size of a string
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17 strcomp - Compare two strings
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18 bytefill - Fill memory with a constant byte value
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19 wordfill - Fill memory with a constant word value
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1a longfill - Fill memory with a constant long value
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1b waitpeq - Wait till pins are equal to a value
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1c bytemove - Copy bytes to a new location
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1d wordmove - Copy words to a new location
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1e longmove - Copy longs to a new location
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1f waitpne - Wait till pins are not equal to value
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20 clkset - Change the clock frequency and mode
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21 cogstop - Stop the specified cog
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22 lockret - Return a lock
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23 waitcnt - Wait for cnt to equal a specified value
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24 ldlsx
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25 stlsx
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26 exlsx
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27 waitvid - Wait on video
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28 coginitret - Start a cog and return the cog number
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29 locknewret - Allocate a lock and return the lock number
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2a locksetret - Set a lock and return the previous value
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2b lockclrret - Clear a lock and return the previous value
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2c coginit - Start a cog
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2d locknew - Allocate a lock with no return value
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2e lockset - Set a lock with no return value
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2f lockclr - Clear a lock with no return value
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30 abort - Perform an abort to the next abort trap
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31 abortval - Perform an abort and return a value
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32 ret - Return without loading a return value
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33 retval - Return and load a return value on the stack
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34 ldlim1 - Load a minus 1
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35 ldli0 - Load zero
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36 ldli1 - Load 1
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37 ldlip value - Load a packed-byte constant
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38 ldbi value - Load a single-byte constant
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39 ldwi value - Load a two-byte constant
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3a ldmi value - Load a three-byte constant
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3b ldli value - Load a four-byte constant
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3c --- - Unused opcode
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3d ldregbit - Load a bit from a register
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3d stregbit - Store a bit to a register
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3e ldregbits - Load bits from a register
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3e stregbits - Store bit to a register
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3f ldreg - Load a register
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3f streg - Store a register
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Compact Memory Opcodes
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--------------
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40 ldlvc offset - Load long variable compact
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41 stlvc offset - Store long variable compact
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42 exlvc offset - Execute on a long variable compact
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43 lalvc offset - Load address of a long variable compact
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60 ldllc offset - Load long local compact
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61 stllc offset - Store long local compact
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62 exllc offset - Execute on a long local compact
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63 lallc offset - Load address of a long local compact
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Byte Memory Opcodes
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--------------
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80 ldba - Load byte absolute
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81 stba - Store byte absolute
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82 exba - Execute on a byte absolute
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83 laba - Load address of a byte absolute
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84 ldbo offset - Load byte object offset
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85 stbo offset
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86 exbo offset
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87 labo offset
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88 ldbv offset - Load byte variable offset
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89 stbv offset
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8a exbv offset
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8b labv offset
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8c ldbl offset - Load byte local offset
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8d stbl offset
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8e exbl offset
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8f labl offset
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90 ldbax - Load byte absolute with index
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91 stbax
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92 exbax
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93 labax
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94 ldbox offset - Load byte object offset with index
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95 stbox offset
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96 exbox offset
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97 labox offset
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98 ldbvx offset - Load byte variable offset with index
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99 stbvx offset
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9a exbvx offset
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9b labvx offset
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9c ldblx offset - Load byte local offset with index
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9d stblx offset
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9e exblx offset
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9f lablx offset
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Word Memory Opcodes
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-------------------
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a0 ldwa - Load word absolute
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a1 stwa
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a2 exwa
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a3 lawa
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a4 ldwo offset
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a5 stwo offset
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a6 exwo offset
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a7 lawo offset
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a8 ldwv offset
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a9 stwv offset
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aa exwv offset
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ab lawv offset
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ac ldwl offset
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ad stwl offset
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ae exwl offset
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af lawl offset
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b0 ldwax - Load word absolute with index
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b1 stwax
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b2 exwax
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b3 lawax
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b4 ldwox offset
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b5 stwox offset
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b6 exwox offset
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b7 lawox offset
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b8 ldwvx offset
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b9 stwvx offset
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ba exwvx offset
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bb lawvx offset
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bc ldwlx offset
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bd stwlx offset
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be exwlx offset
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bf lawlx offset
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Long Memory Opcodes
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-------------------
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c0 ldla - Load long absolute
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c1 stla
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c2 exla
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c3 lala
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c4 ldlo offset
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c5 stlo offset
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c6 exlo offset
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c7 lalo offset
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c8 ldlv offset
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c9 stlv offset
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ca exlv offset
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cb lalv offset
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cc ldll offset
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cd stll offset
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ce exll offset
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cf lall offset
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d0 ldlax - Load long absolute with index
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d1 stlax
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d2 exlax
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d3 lalax
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d4 ldlox offset
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d5 stlox offset
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d6 exlox offset
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d7 lalox offset
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d8 ldlvx offset
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d9 stlvx offset
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da exlvx offset
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db lalvx offset
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dc ldllx offset
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dd stllx offset
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de exllx offset
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df lallx offset
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Math Opcodes
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------------
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e0 ror - Rotate right
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e1 rol - Rotate left
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e2 shr - Shift right
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e3 shl - Shift left
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e4 min - Maximum
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e5 max - Minimum
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e6 neg - Negate
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e7 com - Compliment
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e8 and - Bitwise and
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e9 abs - Absolute value
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ea or - Bitwise or
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eb xor - Bitwise exclusive or
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ec add - Add
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ed sub - Subtract
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ee sar - Shift arithmetic right
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ef rev - Bit reverse
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f0 andl - Logical and
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f1 encode - Shift "1" left
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f2 orl - Logical or
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f3 decode - Find left-most "1" bit
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f4 mul - Multiply
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f5 mulh - Multiply high
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f6 div - Divide
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f7 mod - Modulus
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f8 sqrt - Square root
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f9 cmplt - Less than
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fa cmpgt - Greater than
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fb cmpne - Not equal
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fc cmpeq - Equal
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fd cmple - Less than or equal
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fe cmpge - Greater than or equal
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ff notl - Logical not
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Extended opcodes
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----------------
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00 load - Load the value
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02 repeat - Repeat index from first to last
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06 repeats - Repeat index from first to last with step
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08 randf - Forward random number
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0c randr - Reverse random number
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10 sexb - Sign extend byte
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14 sexw - Sign extend word
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18 postclr - Post clear to zero
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1c postset - Post set to all ones
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26 preinc - Pre-increment
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2e postinc - Post-increment
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36 predec - Pre-decrement
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3e postdec - Post-decrement
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AUTHOR
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Dave Hein
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COPYRIGHT
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Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, Dave Hein
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MIT License (See license.txt in the root directory)
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This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
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There is no warranty, to the extent permitted by law.
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SPASM March 2012 SPASM(1)
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